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In a vacuum, a charged particle generates a static electric field around it. If the particle is at rest, the electric field remains unchanged. However, when the particle is accelerated, it gains a certain velocity.
According to special relativity, any change in speed results in dynamic changes to the electric field. In this state, a magnetic field is created around the particle, which disturbs the surrounding electric field. This disturbance in the electric field, in turn, affects the magnetic field.
As the electric and magnetic fields continuously disturb each other, a chain reaction occurs, spreading outward in the form of waves—this is known as an electromagnetic wave.
Moreover, due to varying accelerations of the charged particle, the frequency of vibration changes, resulting in different energies of electromagnetic waves. These can be categorized into several types, with visible light being composed of seven different colors.
In addition to visible light, there are also forms of electromagnetic radiation that are invisible to the human eye: infrared light, ultraviolet light, microwaves, X-rays, radio waves, and gamma rays.
While we can only observe visible light with our naked eyes, astronomers utilize various types of electromagnetic waves to study the universe, allowing them to obtain a broader and more detailed image of it.
Furthermore, any object with temperature emits electromagnetic radiation.
On a microscopic scale, an object's temperature is determined by the vibration frequency of its internal atoms.
Atoms consist of positively charged atomic nuclei and negatively charged electron clouds.
When an atom moves, its electron cloud vibrates as well. As these charges accelerate continuously, they produce electromagnetic waves.
According to Planck's radiation law, as an object's temperature increases, the motion of its internal particles intensifies, resulting in stronger electromagnetic wave energy being emitted.
Thus, at a body temperature of around 37 degrees Celsius, all humans are constantly emitting infrared light—though we cannot perceive it with our eyes.
Meanwhile, the Electromagnetic Wave possesses a fascinating characteristic known as the Polarization Phenomenon.
The Electron Cloud and the Atom's nucleus are connected in a manner similar to a spring. When the Atom begins to move, the Electron Cloud vibrates in various directions.
Due to the chaotic waveform produced, this is also referred to as the Flying Shockwave. If we direct this wave at a charged Particle, it will start to vibrate in a manner similar to the wave under the interaction of the Electric Field and Magnetic Field within the Electromagnetic Wave.
The Sun transmits heat from its surface to Earth's Atmosphere through this propagation method without any rings.
If we can control the vibration of the Atom, then the Electron Cloud will vibrate in three specific ways.
For instance, if we fix a Ball with a Rubber Band and pull it in any direction before releasing it, we will observe its trajectory forming an Elliptical, Straight Line, or Circular pattern. This type of Electromagnetic Wave generates a regular waveform and is thus called a Polarized Wave.
In a Radio Antenna, when the Atom vibrates along the axis of the antenna, it produces a very orderly Electromagnetic Wave with Linear Polarization. Although our eyes cannot perceive this polarization characteristic, it influences the interaction between light and matter.
For example, when watching a 3D movie, the blurred image is projected from two different polarization directions.
When wearing 3D glasses with Polarization Property, each eye can only see one of the images, creating a three-dimensional effect.
Moreover, since Electromagnetic Waves are also waves, they can interfere with each other. If two identical waves are superimposed, they will produce double the wave intensity; conversely, they will completely cancel each other out. This phenomenon is known as Interference of Light.
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